Executive Function
Executive Function
Instructions
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Resources
1 Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 71–82.
2 Baggetta, P., & Alexander, P. A. (2016). Conceptualization and operationalization of executive function. Mind, Brain, and Education, 10(1), 10-33.
3 Barkley, R. A. (2012). Executive functions: What they are, how the work, and why they evolved (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
4 Barker, J. E., Semenov, A. D., Michaelson, L., Provan, L. S., Snyder, H. R., & Munakata, Y. (2014). Less-structured time in children's daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Frontiers in Psychology, 5.
5 Barnett, W. S., Jung, K., Yarosz, D. J., Thomas, J., Hornbeck, A., Stechuk, R., & Burns, S. (2008). Educational effects of the Tools of the Mind curriculum: A randomized trial. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23(3), 299-313.
6 Baum, G. L., Ciric, R., Roalf, D. R., Betzel, R. F., Moore, T. M., Shinohara, R. T., ... & Ruparel, K. (2016). Modular segregation of structural brain networks supports the development of executive function in youth. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.03619.
7 Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function (Links to an external site.)
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. Child Development, 81(6), 1641–1660.
8 Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011). Relations between executive function and academic achievement from ages 5 to 17 in a large, representative national sample (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. Learning and Individual Difference, 21(4), 327–336.
9 Bialystok, E. (2015). Bilingualism and the development of executive function: the role of attention. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Child Development Perspectives, 9(2), 117-121.
10 Blakemore, S. J., & Choudhury, S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3‐4), 296-312.
11 Bodrova, E., & Deborah J.. Leong. (2007). Tools of the mind (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Retrieved 24 Oct 2016 from http://www.bostonchildrensmuseum.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/5-Tools-of-the-Mind-Curriculum.pdf
12 Brock, L. L., Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Nathanson, L., & Grimm, K. J. (2009). The contributions of ‘hot’ and ‘cool’ executive function to children's academic achievement, learning-related behaviors, and engagement in kindergarten (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 24(3), 337-349.
13 Burgess, P. W., Alderman, N., Evans, J., Emslie, H., & Wilson, B. A. (1998). The ecological validity of tests of executive function. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4(06), 547-558.
14 Carlson, S. M., Claxton, L. J., & Moses, L. J. (2015). The relation between executive function and theory of mind is more than skin deep. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of Cognition and Development, 16(1), 186-197.
15 Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Breton, C. (2002). How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. Infant and Child Development, 11(2), 73–92.
16 Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2014). Activities guide: Enhancing and practicing executive function skills with children from infancy to adolescence. Cambridge, MA: Author.
17 Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2014). Enhancing and practicing executive function skills with children from infancy to adolescence. Available at http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
18 Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2012). In brief, Executive function: Skills for life and learning. [video] (5:35). Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efCq_vHUMqs (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
19 Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2011). Building the brain’s “air traffic control” system: How early experiences shape the development of executive function: Working Paper No. 11.
20 Connelly, J., & Ozonoff, S. (2016). Contrasting the executive function and medial temporal hypotheses of autism. (Links to an external site.)
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Undergraduate Research Abstracts Journal, 1.
21 Cooper-Kahn, J., & Dietzel, L. (2008). Late, lost, and unprepared: A parents’ guide to helping children with executive functioning (Links to an external site.)
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. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House.
22 Daly, M., McMinn, D., & Allan, J. L. (2015). A bidirectional relationship between physical activity and executive function in older adults. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1044.
23 Dawson, P., & Guare, R. (2010). Executive skills in children and adolescents: A practice guide to assessment and intervention (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
24 Diamond, A. (2011) Why tools of the mind and Montessori educational approaches can help executive function skills. Virginia
25 Diamond, A. (2012). Activities and programs that improve children’s executive functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(5), 335-341.Tech Carilion Research Institute (Links to an external site.)
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26 Diamond, A. (2012). Understanding executive functions. [video]. (49:41 minutes). Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWBn9LOHjzA (Links to an external site.)
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27 Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64,135–68
28 Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions: What will it likely take to be successful in the 21st century? [video]. Harvard University (PSYCE-1609).
29 Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions: What will it likely take to be successful in the 21st century?. [slides]. Harvard University (PSCYE-1609).
30 Diamond, A. (2013). Development of executive functions. [video] (38:15). Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pd8YO6sveS4
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31 Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control (Links to an external site.)
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. Science, 318(5855), 1387–1388.
32 Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old (Links to an external site.)
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. Science, 333(6045), 956–964.
33 Doebel, S., Rowell, S. F., & Koenig, M. A. (2016). Young children detect and avoid logically inconsistent sources: The importance of communicative context and executive function. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Child Development, 1-15.
34 Faja, S., Dawson, G., Sullivan, K., Meltzoff, A. N., Estes, A., & Bernier, R. (2016). Executive function predicts the development of play skills for verbal preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research.
35 Fine, A., Steinberg, L., Frick, P. J., & Cauffman, E. (2016). Self-control assessments and implications for predicting adolescent offending. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(4), 701-712.
36 Fjell, A.M., et al. (2010). Multimodal imaging of the self-regulating developing brain. PNAS, 109(48), 19620–19625.
37 Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Sith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 31–60.
38 Hackman, D. A., Gallop, R., Evans, G. W., & Farah, M. J. (2015). Socioeconomic status and executive function: developmental trajectories and mediation. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Developmental Science, 18(5), 686-702.
39 Holmboe, K., & Johnson, M. H. (2005). Educating executive attention (Links to an external site.)
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. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(41), 14479–14480.
40 Holmes, J., et al. (2010). The diagnostic utility of executive function assessments in the identification of ADHD in children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15(1), 37–43.
41 Holmes, C. J., Kim-Spoon, J., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2016). Linking executive function and peer problems from early childhood through middle adolescence. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 31-42.
42 Hough, C. M., Luks, T. L., Lai, K., Vigil, O., Guillory, S., Nongpiur, A., ... & Mathews, C. A. (2016). Comparison of brain activation patterns during executive function tasks in hoarding disorder and non-hoarding OCD (Links to an external site.)
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. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 255, 50-59.
43 Huang, A. S., Klein, D. N., & Leung, H. C. (2016). Load-related brain activation predicts spatial working memory performance in youth aged 9–12 and is associated with executive function at earlier ages. (Links to an external site.)
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Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1-9.
44 Ibrahim-Verbaas, C. A., Bressler, J., Debette, S., Schuur, M., Smith, A. V., Bis, J. C., ... & Chibnik, L. B. (2016). GWAS for executive function and processing speed suggests involvement of the CADM2 gene. (Links to an external site.)
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Molecular Psychiatry, 21(2), 189-197.
45 Jacob, R., & Parkinson, J. (2015). The potential for school-based interventions that target executive function to improve academic achievement :A review. (Links to an external site.)
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Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 512-552.
46 Kenworthy, L., Anthony, L. G., Naiman, D. Q., Cannon, L., Wills, M. C., Luong‐Tran, C., ... & Sokoloff, J. L. (2014). Randomized controlled effectiveness trial of executive function intervention for children on the autism spectrum (Links to an external site.)
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. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(4), 374-383.
47 Lilard, A.S. and Petersen, J. (2011). The immediate impact of different types of television on young children's executive function. Pediatrics,128(4), e1-e6.
48 Luciana, M. (2016). Executive Function in adolescence: A commentary on regulatory control and depression in adolescents: Findings from neuroimaging and neuropsychological research. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(1), 84-89.
49 McEvoy, R. E., Rogers, S. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1993). Executive function and social communication deficits in young autistic children (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(4), 563-578.
50 Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions four general conclusions. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14.
51 Moriguchi, Y., Chevalier, N., & Zelazo, P. D. (2016). Editorial: Development of executive function during childhood. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Frontiers in Psychology, 7.
52 Munakata, Y., Snyder, H.R., & Chatham, C.H. (2012). Developing cognitive control: three key transitions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 71-77. doi:10.1177/0963721412436807
53 National Institute of Mental Health. (2017). Connections strengthen within specialized networks as brain’s executive function matures. (Links to an external site.)
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Bethesda, MD: Author.
54 National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2008). Science briefs: Focus and planning skills can be improved before a child enters school. Washington, DC: Author. Available at http://www. developingchild.net
55 Nesbitt, K. T., Farran, D. C., & Fuhs, M. W. (2015). Executive function skills and academic achievement gains in prekindergarten: Contributions of learning-related behaviors (Links to an external site.)
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. Developmental psychology, 51(7), 865.
56 Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S. (2012). Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(2), 241-268.
57 Ogilvie, J. M., Stewart, A. L., Chan, R. C., & Shum, D. H. (2011). Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: A meta‐analysis. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Criminology, 49(4), 1063-1107.
58 Pharo, H., Sim, C., Graham, M., Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (2011). Risky business: executive function, personality, and reckless behavior during adolescence and emerging adulthood. (Links to an external site.)
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Behavioral Neuroscience, 125(6), 970.
59 Pratt, T. C. (2016). A self-control/life-course theory of criminal behavior. (Links to an external site.)
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European Journal of Criminology, 13(1), 129-146.
60 Pugliese, C. E., Anthony, L. G., Strang, J. F., Dudley, K., Wallace, G. L., Naiman, D. Q., & Kenworthy, L. (2016). Longitudinal examination of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Influence of executive function. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(2), 467-477.
61 Roth, R. M., Erdodi, L. A., McCulloch, L. J., & Isquith, P. K. (2015). Much ado about norming: The behavior rating inventory of executive function. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Child Neuropsychology, 21(2), 225-233.
62 Rueda, M.R. (2005). The development of executive attention: contributions to the emergence of self-regulation. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 573–594.
63 Rueda, M.R., et al (2012). Enhanced efficiency of the executive attention network after training in preschool children: Immediate changes and effects after two months. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2S, S192–S204.
64 Sasser, T. R., Bierman, K. L., Heinrichs, B., & Nix, R. L. (2017). Preschool intervention can promote sustained growth in the Executive-Function skills of children exhibiting early deficits. Psychological Science, 28(12), 1719-1730.
65 Shields, G. S., Moons, W. G., Tewell, C. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016). The effect of negative affect on cognition: Anxiety, not anger, impairs executive unction (Links to an external site.)
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. Emotions.
66 Soga, K., Shishido, T., & Nagatomi, R. (2015). Executive function during and after acute moderate aerobic exercise in adolescents. (Links to an external site.)
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Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 7-17.
67 Sulik, M. J., Blair, C., Mills‐Koonce, R., Berry, D., & Greenberg, M. (2015). Early parenting and the development of externalizing behavior problems: longitudinal mediation through children's executive function (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. Child Development, 86(5), 1588-1603.
68 Tonnaer, F., Cima, M., & Arntz, A. (2016). Executive (dys) functioning and impulsivity as possible vulnerability factors for aggression in forensic patients (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(4), 280-286.
69 van der Niet, A. G., Smith, J., Scherder, E. J., Oosterlaan, J., Hartman, E., & Visscher, C. (2015). Associations between daily physical activity and executive functioning in primary school-aged children. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(6), 673-677.
70 Villemarette-Pittman, N. R., Stanford, M. S., & Greve, K. W. (2003). Language and executive function in self-reported impulsive aggression. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1533-1544.
71 Volkman, J. (2016). Executive functions in the early years. [slides]. Harvard University (PSYCE-1609).
72 Waller, R., Hyde, L. W., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., & Olson, S. L. (2016). Interactions between callous unemotional behaviors and executive function in early childhood predict later aggression and lower peer-liking in late-childhood. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1-13.
73 Wilson, S. J., & Farran, D. C. (2012). Experimental evaluation of the Tools of the Mind preschool curriculum. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness.
74 Zelazo, P.D., Muller, U., Frye, D. & Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function in early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(3), Serial No. 274.
75 Zimmerman, D. L., Ownsworth, T., O'Donovan, A., Roberts, J., & Gullo, M. J. (2016). Independence of hot and cold executive function deficits in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10.
76 Zuk, J., Benjamin, C., Kenyon, A., & Gaab, N. (2014). Behavioral and neural correlates of executive functioning in musicians and non-musicians. (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
PloS one, 9(6), e99868.
Other Resources
1 Cogmed Working Memory Training. (2008). What is executive function? [video]. (2:21). Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A59YESMd-fY (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
2 Galinsky, E. (2010). What are executive functions? [video] (1:36). Mind in the Making - The Essential Life Skills Every Child Needs. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cCNhKqQXOM&feature=youtube_gdata_player (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.
Schwebach, A. (2016). Executive function training. [video]. (2:47:42). Science View Academy. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwn51dA_H14 (Links to an external site.)
Links to an external site.